History of California - Wikipedia. The history of California can be divided into: the Native American period; European exploration period from 1. Spanish colonial period, 1. Mexican period, 1. United States statehood, which continues to this present day. California was settled from the North by successive waves of arrivals during the last 1. It was one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse areas in pre- Columbian North America. After contact with Spanish explorers, most of the Native Americans died out from European diseases. After the Portol. During the same period, Spanish military forces built several forts (presidios) and three small towns (pueblos). Two of the pueblos would eventually grow into the cities of Los Angeles and San Jose. After Mexican Independence was won in 1. California fell under the jurisdiction of the First Mexican Empire. Fearing the influence of the Roman Catholic church over their newly independent nation, the Mexican government closed all of the missions and nationalized the church's property. They left behind a small . After the Mexican–American War of 1. Mexico was forced to relinquish any claim to California to the United States. The unexpected discovery of gold in 1. Northern California, attracting hundreds of thousand of ambitious young men from around the world. On Thursday, the Department of State issued a notice to the Federal Register, soliciting public comments on a new procedure for vetting immigrants and asylum-seekers. The transition from the hot Sonoran Desert to the cooler and higher Great Basin is called the Mojave Desert. This arid region of southeastern California and portions. This site is dedicated to providing exchange of ideas and information to create a better understanding of the care and breeding of the Russian Tortoise. Only a few struck it rich, and many returned home disappointed. Most appreciated the other economic opportunities in California, especially in agriculture, and brought their families to join them. California became the 3. US state in 1. 85. American Civil War. Chinese immigrants increasingly came under attack from nativists; they were forced out of industry and agriculture and into Chinatowns in the larger cities. As gold petered out, California increasingly became a highly productive agricultural society. The coming of the railroads in 1. In the late 1. 9th century, Southern California, especially Los Angeles, started to grow rapidly. History of California through 1. Over 1. 00 tribes and bands inhabited the area. California's population held about one- third of all Native Americans in what is now the United States. Edible Landscaping; by Theresa C. Chirico; Healthy fresh tortoise foods are in abundance everywhere - you just need to know what to look for. This list is intended to. A nonprofit retail nursery offering California native plants and seeds. The natives controlled fire on a regional scale to create a low- intensity fire ecology which prevented larger, catastrophic fires and sustained a low- density agriculture in loose rotation; a sort of . This popular Spanish fantasy was printed in several editions with the earliest surviving edition published about 1. In exploring Baja California the earliest explorers thought the Baja California peninsula was an island and applied the name California to it. Francisco de Ulloa explored the west coast of present- day Mexico including the Gulf of California, proving that Baja California was a peninsula. He died in California, and his expedition found no wealth, no advanced Indian civilization, no apparent agriculture and no Northwest Passage. California was of little further interest. They depicted the Indians as living at a bare subsistence level, typically located in small rancherias of extended family groups of 1. Shelters were made of branches and mud; some dwellings were built by digging into the ground two to three feet and then building a brush shelter on top covered with animal skins, Tules and/or mud. Some tribes around Santa Barbara, California and the Channel Islands (California) were using large plank canoes to fish and trade, while tribes in the California delta and San Francisco Bay Area were using Tule canoes and some tribes on the Northwest coast were using wooden dugout canoes. Despite this, the natural abundance of California, and the environmental management techniques developed by California tribes over millennia, allowed for the highest population density in the Americas north of Mexico. Without agriculture or migratory herds of animals or fish there are no known ways to support villages, towns or cities—small tribes and extended family groups are the typical hunter- gatherer grouping. A dietary staple for most Indian tribes in interior California was acorns, which were dried, shelled, ground to flour, roasted and soaked in water to leach out their tannin. The holes they ground into large rocks over centuries of use are still visible in many rocks today. This was a very labor- intensive process nearly always done by the women in the tribe. There are estimates that some Indians might have eaten as much as one ton of acorns in one year. Local trade between Indian tribal groups enabled them to acquire seasonings such as salt, or foodstuffs and other goods that might be rare in certain locales, such as flint for making spear and arrow points. The high and rugged Sierra Nevada mountains located behind the Great Basin Desert east of California, extensive forests and deserts on the north, the rugged and harsh Sonoran Desert and Mojave Desert in the south and the Pacific Ocean on the west effectively isolated California from any easy trade or tribal interactions with Indians on the rest of the continent. The Indians located in the core of California are much different in culture than any other Indian cultures in North America. Cabrillo and his men found that there was essentially nothing for the Spanish to easily exploit in California, and located at the extreme limits of exploration and trade from Spain it would be left essentially unexplored and unsettled for the next 2. Spanish trading route (1. The Spanish set up their main base in the Philippines. The trade with Mexico involved using an annual passage of Manila galleon(s). The Eastbound galleons first went north to about 4. East they could use the westerly trade winds and currents. These galleons, after crossing most of the Pacific Ocean, would arrive off the California coast from 6. Cape Mendocino (about 3. San Francisco) at about 4. N. They then could turn south down the California coast utilizing the available winds and the south flowing (about 1 mi/hr (1. California Current. After sailing about 1,5. Mexico. San Francisco Bay escaped discovery for two centuries until it was finally discovered by land exploration in 1. Francis Drake's claim (1. It is believed Drake put ashore somewhere north of San Francisco, where the Golden Hind underwent extensive repairs and accumulated needed supplies for a trip across the Pacific. Leaving California, he completed the second recorded circumnavigation of the world (after Ferdinand Magellan) in 1. The exact location of Drake's port is still undetermined, but a prominent bay on the California coast, Drakes Bay, bears his name. He claimed all the land south of 4. Spanish claims and eastward from coast to coast for England, calling it Nova Albion. Spanish maps, explorations etc., of this and later eras were generally not published, being regarded as state secrets. As was typical in this era, there were conflicting claims to the same territory, and the indigenous peoples who lived there were never consulted. In 1. 60. 2, sixty years after Cabrillo, the Spaniard Sebasti. He named San Diego Bay. He also put ashore in Monterey, California and made glowing reports of the Monterey bay area as a possible anchorage for ships with land suitable for growing crops. He also provided rudimentary charts of the coastal waters, which were used for nearly 2. Spanish colonial period (1. Baja or lower California consisted of the Baja Peninsula and terminated roughly at San Diego, California where Alta California started. The eastern and northern boundaries of Alta California were very indefinite, as the Spanish, despite a lack of physical presence and settlements, claimed essentially everything in what is now the western United States. The first permanent mission in Baja California, Misi. After the establishment of Missions in Alta California after 1. Spanish treated Baja California and Alta California as a single administrative unit, part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, with Monterey, California, as its capital. Nearly all the missions in Baja California were established by members of the Jesuit order supported by a few soldiers. After a power dispute between Charles III of Spain and the Jesuits, the Jesuit colleges were closed and the Jesuits were expelled from Mexico and South America in 1. Spain. After the forcible expulsion of the Jesuit order, most of the missions were taken over by Franciscan and later Dominican friars. Both of these groups were under much more direct control of the Spanish monarchy. This reorganization left many missions abandoned in Sonora Mexico and Baja California. Seale misrepresented California as an island. After the conclusion of the Seven Year War between Britain and France and their allies (called the French and Indian War in the British colonies on the East Coast) (1. France was driven out of North America. Spain and Britain were the only colonial powers left. Britain, as yet, had no Pacific colonies in North America. The Bourbon King Charles III of Spain established missions and other outposts in Alta California out of fear that the territory would be claimed by the British, who not only had 1. East Coast, but also several islands in the Caribbean, and had recently taken over Canada from the French. One of Spain's gains from the Seven Years' War was the French Louisiana Territory which was secretly given to Spain. Another potential colonial power already established in the Pacific was Russia, whose Maritime Fur Trade of mostly sea otter and fur seals was pressing down from Alaska to the Pacific Northwest's lower reaches. These furs could be traded in China for large profits. The Spanish settlement of Alta California was the last colonization project to expand Spain's vastly over- extended empire in North America, and they tried to do it with minimal cost and support. Approximately half the cost of settling Alta California was borne by donations and half by funds from the Spanish crown. Massive Indian revolts in New Mexico's Pueblo Revolt among the Pueblo Indians of the Rio Grande valley in the 1. Pima Indian Revolt in 1. California. Prehistory. Articles on Prehistory, By Author. ARTICLES ON PREHISTORY - - BY AUTHORArticles may be accessed directly by clicking on the titles. Grenda, Jeffrey A. Homburg, Su Benaron and Anne Q. Stoll. Altschul, Jeffrey H., John G. Douglass, Richard Ciolek- Torrello, Sarah Van Galder, Benjamin R. Vargas, Kathleen L. Hull, Donn R. Grenda, Jeffrey Homburg, Manuel Palacios- Fest, Steven Shelley, Angela Keller and Davis Maxwell. Altschul, Jeffrey H. Ezzo. Alvarez, Susan Harding. Anastasio, Rebecca Loveland. Anderson, Eugene N. Jimenez, Katharine Jackson, Kiri Buppert and Todd J. Braje. Anderton, Alice. Andrews, Allen H., Kenneth W. Gobalet and Terry L. Jones. Angulo, Jaime de. Malcolm Farmer Remembered . Masters. Badovinac, Peggy. Bamforth, Douglas B. Dorn. Bard, Cephas L. Busby. Barker, Michael A., Erlinda Burton and W. Morlin Childers. Barnes, Mark R. Hall. Bates, Craig D. Hart Merriam . Hart Merriam . Elsasser, Frank Leonhardy, Mark S. Fleisher and Grover S. Krantz. Bean, Lowell John. Bean, Lowell John, Sylvia Brakke Vane and Jackson Young. Beck, Charlotte. Beck, Charlotte and George T. Jones. Beck, Roman F. Robinson, Fraser Sturt, and Julienne Bernard. Beeler, Madison S. Klar. Beezley, John A. Psota. Bjelajac, Victor, Randy Wiberg and Donald Boothby. Black, Jill, Susan Kerr, Lourdes Henebry- De. Leon and Joseph G. Lorenz. Blackburn, Thomas. Bloomer, William W. Mark Raab. Boxt, Matthew A., L. Mark Raab, Owen K. Davis and Kevin O. Pope. Brady, Ryan T. Erlandson. Braje, Todd J., Jon M. Erlandson and Jan Timbrook. Bramlette, Allan G. Dowdall. Brandoff- Kerr, Joan E. Bartelink. Bright, William. Bright, William and D. L. Olmsted. Brock, James and William A. Sawyer. Brock, James and Brenda D. Smith- Patten. Brodie, Natalie J. Brooks, G. E. Austin, James R. Firby, Louis A. Payen, Peter J. Slota, Jr., Christine A. Prior and R. E. Taylor. Brott, Clark W., Ed Clewett, Makoto Kowta, David A. Fredrickson, Paul G. Chace, Albert Elsasser, Robert Edwards, Charles D. James, Donald S. Miller, Linda B. King, Richard N. Lerner and Joseph Chartkoff. Broughton, Jack M. Freeman. Bryne, Stephen and Brian F. Byrd. Buck, Paul E. Edmonds, John M. Lambert, Andrew Tremayne, Jelmer W. Eerkens and Eric J. Bartelink. Burton, Margie M. Quinn. Busby, Colin I. Findlay and James C. Bard. Butler, B. Robert. Button, Melinda. Byrd, Brian F. Sean. Carpenter, Scott L. Kirn. Carrico, Richard L. Byrd and Carol Serr (JCGBA. Desautels (1. 92. Genesis of American Corporate Archaeology . Desmond. Cleland, James H. William, Jr. William, Jr., Clarus J. William, Jr. Wells. Codding, Brian F. Jones. Codding, Brian F., Terry L. Jones and Judith F. Porcasi. Collier, Joanna. Colten, Roger H. Fulmer (eds.). Cooley, Theodore G. Barrie. Coombs, Gary B. Couch and Nancy Anastasia Wiley. Coville, Frederick Vernon. Crespin, Bruce M. Kennett and Terry L. Jones. Curtin, Jeremiah. Dahlstrom, Bruce. Dahlstrom, Bruce and David G. Bieling. Dallas, Herb, Jr. Taylor and Gerald A. Smith. Davis, Edward H. Brown and Jacqueline Nichols. Davy, Douglas M. Ramos. Dawson, Lawrence E. Koerper and Jeffrey S. Couch. Des Lauriers, Matthew R. Sutton. Devereux, George. Dexter, Ralph W. Boxt. Dills, Charles E. Kroeber. Dolzani, Michael. Dodds, Tricia, and Denise Jaffke. Dore, Christopher D., Stephen Bryne, Michael Mc. Faul and Garry L. Running, IV. Dorsey, George A. Fenenga. Du. Bois, Constance Goddard. Du. Bois, Cora A. Wilke and Lawrence E. Dawson. Eckhardt, William T. Jay Hatley. Edwards, John L. Glascock. Eerkens, Jelmer W., Jay King and Michael D. Glascock. Eerkens, Jelmer W. Lipo. Eerkens, Jelmer, Hector Neff and Michael D. Glascock. Eerkens, Jelmer and Jeffrey S. Rosenthal. Eerkens, Jelmer W., Jeffrey S. Rosenthal, Howard J. Spero, Nathan E. Stevens, Richard Fitzgerald and Laura Brink. Eerkens, Jelmer W., Devin L. Snyder and Nicole A. Reich. Eerkens, Jelmer W. Spurling. Eerkens, Jelmer, Shannon Tushingham, Kari Lentz, Jennifer Blake, Dominique Ardura, Mine Palazoglu and Oliver Fiehn. Eidsness, Janet P. Heizer, K. M. Nissen and E. D. Bean and Thomas C. Freeman (1. 88. 0- 1. Camera and Brush. Clewlow, Jr. Harrington . Breschini and Trudy Haversat . Fredrickson. Hildebrandt and Mark E. Braje. Erlandson, Jon M., Todd J. Braje and Torben C. Rick. Erlandson, Jon M., Todd Braje, Ren. Vellanoweth and Torben C. Rick. Erlandson, Jon M., Roger H. Colten and Michael A. Glassow. Erlandson, Jon M., Theodore G. Cooley and Richard Carrico. Erlandson, Jon M. Glassow, Charles Rozaire and Don Morris. Erlandson, Jon M., Douglas J. Kennett, Richard J. Behl and Ian Hough. Erlandson, Jon M. Moss. Erlandson, Jon M., Torben C. Rick, Douglas J. Kennett and Phillip L. Walker. Erlandson, Jon M., Torben C. Rick and Ren. Vellanoweth. Erlandson, Jon M. Vellanoweth. Erlandson, Jon M., Ren. Vellanoweth, Annie C. Caruso and Melissa R. Reid. Erlandson, Jon M., Ren. Vellanoweth, Torben C. Rick and Melissa R. Reid. Evans, Nancy H. Hughes and Neal Neuenschwander. Farber, Alfred and Eric W. Ritter. Farmer, Sarah and Douglas Joseph La Rose. Farris, Glenn J. Fisher. Ferneau, Jennifer A. Bieling. Fisher, Janice F., John W. Foster and Joan Oxendine. Fitzgerald, Richard T. Hildebrandt. Fitzgerald, Richard T., William R. Hildebrandt and Alan Leventhal. Fitzgerald, Richard T. Jones. Fitzgerald, Richard T., Terry L. Jones and Adella Schroth. Fitzgerald, Richard and Judith Porcasi. Fleagle, Christine M. Sutton. Fleming, Kaylene. Follett, W. I. Brittin. Forsyth, Donald W. Sandelin. Foster, Daniel G. Foster. Foster, Daniel G., Linda C. Sandelin and Gerrit L. Fenenga. Foster, John W. Grossman. Fredrickson, Dave, Janine Loyd, Ted Jones, Sue- Ann Schroder and Tom Origer. Fredrickson, Vera- Mae. Gallegos, Dennis R. Mc. Gill and Mark Q. Sutton. Gardner, Jill K., Robert M. Negrini, Mark Q. Sutton, Peter E. Wigand and Robert M. Yohe II. Gardner, Jill K. Sutton. Gardner, Karen S., Alan Leventhal, Rosemary Cambra, Eric J. Bartelink and Antoinette Martinez. Garfinkel, Alan P. Rogers, Russell Kaldenberg and Thomas Chapman. Garfinkel, Alan P., Jeanne Day Binning, Elva Younkin, Craig Skinner, Tom Origer, Rob Jackson, Jan Lawson and Tim Carpenter. Garfinkel, Alan P. Cook. Garfinkel, Alan P. Waller. Garfinkel, Alan P. Yohe II. Garth, Thomas R., Jr. Mc. Lear- Gary. Gatschet, Albert S. Howe. Gause, Seana L. Basgall. Giambastiani, Mark A. Bullard. Gibson, Robert O. Koerper. Gifford, Edward Winslow. Gifford- Gonzalez, Diane and Charlotte K. Sunseri. Gillette, Donna L. Hildebrandt. Glassow, Michael A. William Clewlow, Jr., David S. Whitley and Ellen L. Lathrap and Robert L. Hoover, and . Hoover and W. B. IV: Ceremonial Paraphernalia, Games, and Amusements. Gregory. Glenn, Brian K. Jones. Goddard, Pliny Earle. Goldberg, Carol, Michelle Titus, Roy Salls and Rainer Berger. Goldberg, Paul and Brian Byrd. Goldschmidt, Walter R. Stoll. Gould, Richard A. Altschul. Grenda, Donn R, Richard Ciolek- Torello and Jeffrey H. Altschul (editors). Griffin, Mark C., Kathryn Entriken, Julie Hodel and Theresia C. Weston. Griffin, S. Joe. Griset, Suzanne. Gross, Charlane and Brian Ludwig. Gross, G. Timothy. Gross, G. Timothy and Lynne E. Christenson. Gross, G. Timothy and Michael Sampson. Guerrero, Monica. Gutman, T. E. Wilcoxon. Halford, F. Kirk. Hall, Jeffrey T., Robert Jurmain and James S. Nelson. Hall, Matthew C. Barker. Halpern, A. Ritter and Julie Burcell. Haney, Jefferson W. Charles Whatford. Hanna, David C. Stevens. Hardaker, Christopher. Hardy, Ellen T. Pastron. Hayden, Julian D. Foster, Linda C. Pollack and Gerrit L. Fenenga. Hector, Susan M., Daniel G. Foster, Linda C. Pollack, Gerrit L. Fenenga and J. Charles Whatford. Notes on the Kumeyaay: A Problem of Identification . Meighan and Harvey Crew . Smith, Robert Reynolds, Doris Hoover Bowers and Arda Haenszel . Hewes. Henn, Winfield G. Report of Testing at Seven Aboriginal Sites. Goldberg, M. J. Moratto and K. M. Weigel and D. A. Fredrickson; and . Hildebrandt and John F. Brevik, Jeffrey H. Altschul, Anthony R. Orme and Steven D. Shelley. Hoover, Anna M., Kristie R. Blevins, William R. Gillean, James F. Mc. Pherson and Brian C. Dailey. Hoover, Robert L. Horne and Ruth Musser- Lopez. Huberland, Amy B. Kelly. Hunter, Galen and Henry C. Koerper. Hurd, Gary S. Miller. Hylkema, Mark G. Sanburg, Jr. Meighan and Janet L. Pastron and Michael R. Henry. James, George Wharton. James, Steven R. Schneider. Jenkins, Dennis L. Warren. Jenkins, Richard C. Hildebrandt. Johnson, Christina S. Greenwood, John M. Foster and Gwendolyn R. Romani, and . Walker and Travis Hudson (JCGBA. Earle. Johnson, John R. Lorenz. Johnson, Keith L. Mark Raab, Janet L. Mc. Vickar, W. Geoffrey Spaulding, Douglas J. Kennett, Andrew York and Phillip L. Walker. Jones, Terry L. Codding. Jones, Terry L., Brendan J. Culleton, Shawn Larson, Sarah Mellinger and Judith F. Porcasi. Jones, Terry L., Richard T. Fitzgerald, Douglas J. Kennett, Charles H. Misicek, John L. Fagan, John Sharp and Jon M. Erlandson. Jones, T. Fitzgerald and J. Porcasi. Jones, Terry L., Sebastian C. Garza, Judith F. Porcasi and Jereme W. Gaeta. Jones, Terry L., William R. Hildebrandt, Douglas J. Kennett and Judith F. Porcasi. Jones, Terry and Mark Hylkema. Jones, Terry L. Jones. Jones, Terry L. Kennett. Jones, Terry L., Douglas J. Kennett, James A. Kennett and Brian F. Codding. Jones, T. Erlandson, H. Dallas, Jr., T. Schwaderer. Jones, Terry L., Judith F. Porcasi, Jereme Gaeta and Brian F. Codding. Jones, Terry L., Betty Rivers, Andrea M. Maliarik, Terry L. Joslin and Douglas Alger. Jones, Terry L. Eerkens, Gry H. Barfod and Eric J. Bartelink. Joslin, Terry L., Laura Leach- Palm and Eric Wohlgemuth. Judson, Katharine Berry. Kaldenberg, Russell L. Doesn't Seem Like a Long Time Ago, but on Some Days 2. Years Feels Like a Career ? Russell and Tom P. Guilderson. Kennett, Douglas J., John R. Johnson, Torben C. Rick, Don P. Morris and Juliet Christy. Kennett, D. Erlandson, J. Culleton, T. Jones and T. Stafford, Jr. Edith. Kessler, Cristina. Keswick, Janet A. Casebier, Matthew C. Hall and Carol Rector. King, Thomas F. Moratto and N. Nelson Leonard III. Klar, Kathryn A. Jones. Kline, George E. Kline. Knudson, Ruthann. Koerper, Henry C. Chace. Koerper, Henry C., Joanne H. Couch, Jeffrey S. Couch and Nancy Anastasia Desautels. Koerper, Henry C. Couch. Koerper, Henry C. Drover. Koerper, Henry C., Jonathon E.
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